Efficacy of permanent wildlife fences as barriers to amphibian movement

To mitigate habitat fragmentation and roadkill, roads are increasingly equipped with wildlife fences underpasses. However, the effectiveness of such in preventing road access for amphibians has not been tested under controlled conditions. In 2019 2020, we efficacy full panel differing material, height, shape (presence/absence an overhang), to prevent adult juvenile amphibians. We selected five species according locomotion mode: Natterjack toads ( runners ), European green short-distance jumpers agile frogs proficient American tree climbers ) smooth newts ). found that were unable cross a concrete fence height 13 24 cm, respectively. Addition 10 cm overhang reduced required crossing further 17 The ability these less certain depended on body length. By contrast, jumping climbing stopped by greatest (40 cm). addition at 35 cm. An alternative metal (with overhang) was some performed similar overhang). Finally, passed juveniles 20 (smooth newts). Hence, stop from crossing, recommend construction durable (concrete or galvanized metal) well-maintained minimum 40 overhang.